Raising the retirement age won’t defuse China’s demographic time bomb—but mass immigration might

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Raising the retirement age won’t defuse China’s demographic time *****—but mass immigration might

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Credit: The Conversation

******** workers may soon have to work just a little bit longer.

In late July 2024, China’s ruling ********** Party adopted a resolution that would see the country’s statutory retirement age

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.

The final retirement age has not been specified, but an

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it is likely to end up at around 65 years old.

This would put the country

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, including the U.S. At present, China has

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in the world, at 60 for men, and 55 for women in white-collar jobs or 50 if they are in blue-collar jobs.

Party leaders have mulled reforming China’s retirement plan for several years. But the apparent urgency now

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—and aging—population will have on the country’s dwindling pension ****.

Funds set aside to cover retirement costs in China look set to be

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, the ******** Academy of Social Sciences projected just a few years ago.

Raising the retirement age will no doubt stretch funds for a few extra years.

But it will not be a permanent fix—and it does nothing to address the

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that China faces.

I have

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for over 40 years; I believe the demographic issue confronting China now represents one of the most serious problems facing the country in centuries.

With a

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—way below the 2.1 births per woman needed to maintain a native population—and

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, China’s future is one of declining population, with an enormous increase in the numbers of elderly. Compounding the problem, China has long been hostile to the idea of

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; just 0.1% of its population is foreign-born—that’s the smallest percentage of

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.

Demographers know about shrinkage

For most of its life span, ********** China has seen population growth.

In 1950, several months after the

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, the country’s population numbered 539 million. It then rose every year for nearly 70 years, reaching 1.43 billion in 2021.

But at that point it peaked. In the subsequent years, China has had more deaths than births and has lost population. Furthermore,

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, suggest that if current trends continue, China’s population will fall below 1 billion in 2070, below 800 million in 2086 and down to 633 million by 2100.

That represents a loss of more than half its current population in around 75 years. A population decline that drastic would wreak havoc on its labor force, causing untold economic problems.

Older and smaller

But it isn’t simply about the drop in total number. Potentially more concerning is the shift in how the population is made up.

According to U.N. figures, in 2023 just under 20% of China’s population was in the current retirement bracket of 60 and over. But by 2100, this is projected to increase to an astounding high of over 52%.

The data also shows that at present, around 12% of China’s population are young workers, aged 20 to 29, while 46% are older employees aged 30 to 59. But by 2100, this labor force is projected to drop dramatically to just over 7% for young workers and around 29% for 30- to 59-year-olds.

Similarly, the numbers of children and young adults in China, those aged 19 and under, will drop from 21% in 2023 to 11% in 2100.

In short, the population projections for China do not bode well for the future of the country. There will be fewer workers to support a growing number of, mainly elderly, dependents.

But China’s plan to increase the retirement age will have only a minor impact on alleviating the problems associated with these trends. Raising the retirement age will not help China slow the population decline, and it will have only a marginal effect on the ratio between working adults and post-working age adults.

The need for migration

There is, however, something that can mitigate this trend: immigration.

Many of the major countries of the world with very low fertility rates

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to provide young workers—and these young immigrants also have more ******* than the local people. Compare, for instance, China’s low rate of 0.1% foreign-born with the

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and

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. Even the East ****** nations of Japan and South Korea have higher foreign-born percentages than China,

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and

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.

Several attempts have been made by the ******** government to implement policies to increase the birth rate, but they have not worked. In fact, demographers tend to agree that such “pronatalist” policies tend not to be effective.

But it will not be easy to introduce and implement an active immigration policy in China, a country with little experience with immigration and a seemingly

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shared by

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the ********** Party.

There may well be resistance to immigration from the wider ******** population. Young ******** workers would be the ones most affected by an increase of immigrants. In the early years of any policy that encourages mass immigration, some ******** would lose their jobs and need to find employment elsewhere. This would especially be the situation for young workers.

But in general, immigrants seek employment in jobs that the local population does not prefer—sometimes

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,” or those that are ******, dangerous and demeaning. This has been the case in most ********* countries and in the U.S.

And the alternative will be more painful for China in the long run. If an active immigration policy is not implemented, by the beginning of the next century, China will be half as large as it is today and will be one of the oldest countries—if not the oldest country—in the world.

Beijing is already facing the strain of these trends, hence the need for pension reforms. But without the influx of a young immigrant workforce, the problems China faces will be far worse.

Provided by
The Conversation

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Raising the retirement age won’t defuse China’s demographic time *****—but mass immigration might (2024, August 15)
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