Crime-terror nexus obstructs global fight against illicit drugs

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******-******* nexus obstructs global ****** against illicit drugs

Opium cultivation and production in Afghanistan, 1994–2023. Source: (UNODC, Citation2023a). Credit: Global ****** (2024). DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2024.2351818

A complex web connecting the global illicit ***** trade with organized ****** and terrorism poses a significant threat to international peace and security—with Flinders University criminology experts calling for renewed investigations into the problem.

The constant struggle means when one illicit ***** supply is cut or blocked, new production and supplies of ********, methamphetamine and other in-demand drugs will soon make their way into affluent markets including Australia.

Their comments follow a large systematic review of current research on the “******-*******” nexus involving the Taliban in Afghanistan and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (“FARC’), reflects warnings of the extent of the problems in the 2023 UN Secretary-General’s Annual Report.

The research

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, “A systematic review of the extent of the Taliban and FARC’s involvement and profit from ***** trade and methods of estimating income from the ***** trade,” has been published in the journal Global ******.

“********** groups such as the Taliban and FARC have played significant roles in the expansion of opium and coca cultivation, with up to 50% and 60% of their respective income generated from ***** trade revenues,” says Flinders University College of Business, Government and Law Ph.D. candidate Hamid Azizi, the first author of a new article in Global ******.

“With total budgets derived from ***** trade revenues amounting to as much as US$500 million for the Taliban and up to US$3.5 billion for the FARC, this underscores how revenue from the illicit ***** has fueled conflict and instability in Afghanistan and Colombia for decades.”

Mr. Azizi, who worked for many years at the ******* Nations Office on Drugs and ****** (UNODC), says the interconnectedness of illicit drugs, organized ****** and terrorism was especially strong in unstable, “fragile” economies and regions—making counter-********* campaigns difficult to negotiate safely.

“Our review underlines the importance of an innovative policy response to reduce the *****-terrorism nexus, including engaging with sustainable development goals to offer positive socio-economic benefits or alternative livelihoods for local communities which may rely on an illicit ***** production for decades.

“Despite a successful ban on opium cultivation in Afghanistan’s 2022–23 cultivation season, the UNODC then reporting growing domestic production of methamphetamine—and which can find its way to various markets including Europe and Australia.

“Furthermore, the Taliban’s opium ban has led to a substantial increase in opium prices, ultimately benefiting those holding opium stocks from previous year’s yields in Afghanistan and are linked with regional and international organized ****** groups—as seen recently in escalating instability in some rural areas such as near the Central Asia border.”

In a broader context, these findings underline the need to examine the ******-******* nexus in other settings, such as Al-Qaida, in the Islamic Maghreb, which protects cannabis and ******** trafficking in North and West *******, and Boko Haram in Nigeria and neighboring countries, which facilitates the trafficking of ******* and ******** in the region.

Co-authors, including Flinders University Associate Professor Caitlin Hughes, says future independent empirical studies should focus on the ******-******* nexus in general, and in particular, on the Taliban’s ***** trade nexus post-regime change as well as the FARC’s linkages with ******** trade post 2016 Peace Agreement.

The Global ****** review article covered 31 studies—23 about the Taliban, seven about the FARC, and one about both groups. The studies suggest that both groups generated a significant portion (between 10% to 50% for the Taliban, and 40% to 60% for the FARC) of their income from the ***** trade ranging from US$19 million to US$500 million for the Taliban and US$140 million to US$3.5 billion for the FARC.

“Our findings show that Taliban and FARC have four key roles in the ***** trade: tax collection, provision of protection, ***** trafficking, and brokerage,” says Associate Professor Hughes.

“This is important as it shows that the drugs-terrorism links are not just about revenue raising. Instead, it is also about expanding network and territorial control, protection of vulnerable groups (e.g., farmers), expanding military capacity, exerting control over the ***** trade itself and solidifying a political power base of the Taliban and FARC.

“Our review also shows that despite the frequency of statements about the ***** trade fueling terrorism, there is large variance between estimates of tax revenue and of the overall revenue derived. The extent of variance between estimates both for the Taliban and for the FARC is surprising.

“Fourth, the multiplicity of roles and ways that the Taliban and FARC are involved in the ***** trade reinforces the deep connections that can occur and the difficulty of reducing involvement in the ***** trade through simple solutions e.g., seizures of drugs or arrest of ***** traffickers.”

The Flinders University criminology investigation continues to look for new insights to build innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce illicit ***** production in these regions.

More information:
Hamid Azizi et al, A systematic review of the extent of the Taliban and FARC’s involvement and profit from ***** trade and methods of estimating income from the ***** trade, Global ****** (2024).

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******-******* nexus obstructs global ****** against illicit drugs (2024, June 26)
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