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[NASA] Hayli Gubbi’s Explosive First Impression

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  3. Hayli Gubbi’s Explosive…
 


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November 15, 2025
November 23, 2025

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A satellite image shows parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea on the left, the Red Sea in the center, and Yemen on the right. Most of the land appears dry and in shades of light brown. A label indicates the location of the Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia amid an area of darker volcanic rock.
NASA Earth Observatory

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A satellite image shows parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea on the left, the Red Sea in the center, and Yemen on the right. A large plume of volcanic ash drifts east-northeast across the scene from the Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia.
NASA Earth Observatory
November 15, 2025November 23, 2025

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A satellite image shows parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea on the left, the Red Sea in the center, and Yemen on the right. Most of the land appears dry and in shades of light brown. A label indicates the location of the Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia amid an area of darker volcanic rock.
NASA Earth Observatory
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A satellite image shows parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea on the left, the Red Sea in the center, and Yemen on the right. A large plume of volcanic ash drifts east-northeast across the scene from the Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia.
NASA Earth Observatory

November 15, 2025

November 23, 2025


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Image Details

On November 23, 2025, the Hayli Gubbi volcano in northern Ethiopia erupted in dramatic fashion. The shield volcano in the 

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began spewing ash and volcanic gases at around 11:30 a.m. local time (8:30 Universal Time) that day, marking its first documented explosive eruption. The plume reached into the upper troposphere and
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, eventually crossing over northern India and China and
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.

The 

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 (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s
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 satellite acquired the image above (right) of the eruption, about 4 hours after it was first detected. Other satellite data indicated the plume reached 15 kilometers (9 miles) above sea level and contained approximately
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(220,000 tons) of
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, according to a Global Volcanism Program
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. Another light-colored cloud, likely of pyroclastic material, is visible spreading to the north and appears to be on or close to the ground, the report stated. For comparison, the left image was acquired with the same sensor on November 15, before the eruption.

In this remote area of East Africa, tectonic plates are moving away from each other, which allows magma to rise to the surface and feed several active volcanoes. Due in part to Hayli Gubbi’s remote setting, geologists are unsure when Hayli Gubbi last erupted. Geologic evidence suggests it was within the past

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, though
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it may have been within the past few centuries.

Hayli Gubbi lies about 12 kilometers (7 miles) south-southeast of Ethiopia’s most active volcano,

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, where a lava lake has roiled for decades. After Erta Ale’s most recent eruption in July 2025, scientists
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beneath the surface using 
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 (InSAR) measurements and other techniques. They found that magma propagated south from Erta Ale, passing beneath Hayli Gubbi and beyond.

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November 24, 2025

Low-level activity was observed at Hayli Gubbi beginning in late July and included sulfur dioxide emissions, lingering white clouds in its summit crater, and upward ground displacement measuring several centimeters, according to the Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (

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). The magma intrusion following Erta Ale’s eruption likely triggered the activity, said COMET co-director Juliet Biggs in a
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.

Hayli Gubbi’s eruption was brief, subsiding by November 25, but caused visible changes to the land surface. Ash covered large areas, which included nearby villages in Ethiopia’s Afar region. Residents struggled with respiratory issues due to the ash fallout, and grass and water for livestock were contaminated, according to

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.

The summit area of the volcano also took on a new appearance. The detailed view above, acquired with the 

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 (Operational Land Imager-2) on 
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, shows the craters atop Hayli Gubbi and neighboring Erta Ale on November 24, 2025. The eruption enlarged Hayli Gubbi’s existing crater, which is partially filled with a low-lying cloud in the image, and created
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to the southeast. Ash deposits cover older lava flows on the volcano’s slopes.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS 

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 and 
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, and Landsat data from the 
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. Story by Lindsey Doermann.

References & Resources

  • AP News (2025, November 25)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.
  • Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (2025)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.
  • Copernicus (2025, November 28)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.
  • Global Volcanism Program (2025)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.
  • La Rosa, A., et al. (2025)
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    . Frontiers in Earth Science, 13:1719687.
  • NASA Earth Observatory (2023, December 3)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.
  • Simon Carn, via Bluesky (2025, November 23)
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    . Accessed December 3, 2025.

Downloads

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November 15, 2025

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November 23, 2025

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November 24, 2025

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