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This Filipina Spy Used Her Leprosy as a Cover to Thwart the Japanese During World War II | History

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This ********* Spy Used Her Leprosy as a Cover to Thwart the ********* During World War II | History

For two days in February 1945, a petite, sickly ********* woman—her body marked by leprous lesions—moved furtively toward ********* troops’ position in Calumpit, around 30 miles north of Manila. She traveled first on foot, dodging ********* soldiers, and then on a bangka boat on the Pampanga River, pursued by opportunistic river pirates who thrived in the chaos of war.

The ******* States Army’s

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had decamped in Calumpit after landing in the Lingayen Gulf on January 9. Now, the soldiers were ready to launch their ******** on Manila. But they didn’t know that the route they intended to take was laden with newly planted mines. They were rushing toward a ****** trap, and the only map warning them was in this woman’s possession.

So dangerous was the secret assignment that the devoutly religious spy’s handler

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her to “go to confession and make a good act of contrition” before setting out on her last-ditch gambit to deliver information that could save the men—a mission that proved successful.

Mrs Guerrero – Heroine Of ********* Underground (1948)

For her bravery during this and many other perilous operations,

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was later
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by Major General George F. Moore with demonstrating “more courage than that of a soldier on the field of battle.”

Guerrero’s early life bore none of the hallmarks of a future spy. Born Josefina Veluya in the Philippines’ Quezon Province in 1917, she was orphaned at a young age and suffered through a

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of childhood tuberculosis. “I played that I was Joan of Arc, and that I heard voices,” she later
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. Guerrero was fond of music and poetry and excelled in sports and extracurricular activities. In 1934, she married Renato Maria Guerrero, a medical student. They had a daughter, Cynthia, and settled into a promising, comfortable life in Manila.

By 1939, Europe

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, and Asia was on the verge of its own cataclysmic conflict. Ominous symptoms started plaguing Guerrero—aches, fever and blotches she was increasingly unable to ignore or hide. A doctor delivered the shattering diagnosis of leprosy (now more commonly called
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), a condition that has been cruelly
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for thousands of years. Fearing banishment to a grim
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(a hospital for lepers), the family sought to quietly manage and conceal Guerrero’s condition—but it would ultimately tear them apart.

“It’s hard to imagine more jarring, traumatic circumstances in the course of one life span, starting with the realization [that] she’s got leprosy,” says

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, author of
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. “At that point—especially in Manila—you’re done, you’re an outcast.”

Guerrero receives an injection at the National Leprosarium in Carville, Louisiana.

National Hansen’s ******** Museum

Another calamity followed. Japan’s ******* on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, preceded a series of attacks on air bases in the Philippines, then a U.S. territory. In January 1942, the ********* invaded the archipelago,

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with ********* and ********* troops led by General Douglas MacArthur.

The soldiers fought for three

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. MacArthur promised badly needed reinforcements, but they never materialized. Their rations depleted and their men starving, ***** and wounded, the Allied forces surrendered on April 9, 1942. No rest was found even in the bitter relief of surrender; tens of thousands of Filipinos and hundreds of ********* soldiers were forced to walk to prisoner-of-war camps during the
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, a 65-mile journey that claimed an estimated
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, with men dying of hunger and exhaustion or at the ends of ********* bayonets.

MacArthur famously

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to the Philippines—but first, the war in the Pacific theater had to be fought.

Allied prisoners of war photographed on April 9, 1942, the first day of the Bataan ****** March

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From this defeat, a disorganized resistance emerged among

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across remote areas of the sprawling archipelago. They established a small but vital trickle of intelligence to the new
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, passing information by courier, illicit radios and messages to remote submarines. The “hazardous labor” these individuals undertook, MacArthur
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, gave his headquarters “precise, accurate and detailed information on major ****** moves and installations throughout the Philippine Archipelago” and paved the way for the Americans’ return.

Among these resisters’ ranks was Guerrero. In this moment of confluence between personal and national tragedy, she chose to use her misfortune to the Allies’ advantage. She wanted to aid her country, later

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, “It didn’t really matter whether I lived or *****.”

Soon, Guerrero was closely observing the movement of ********* troops near her home, mapping out ********* fortifications along Manila Bay, sketching anti-aircraft guns and

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on to guerrillas. The blotches from her leprosy—erroneously believed to be
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—terrified ****** soldiers, allowing her to pass through checkpoints on her way to resistance strongholds with a more cursory search than the unafflicted.

Her tasks took many forms. When Guerrero attended a party at a nearby state university, she saw one of the ********* soldiers who were using the school as a base duck into a large ***** that supposedly led to an air raid shelter. After spotting the same man emerge elsewhere on campus, she realized the ***** was part of a secret tunnel. On another occasion, Guerrero dutifully hid a truckload of spare “tires”—actually crude explosives—that were dropped off at her home in the middle of the night. Days later, guerrillas used these incendiaries to set ***** to ********* munition stores.

********* guerrillas under the command of Captain ****** Olmedo meet Major General A.V. Arnold at the U.S. Army’s Seveneth Division headquarters in 1944.

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Serving in the resistance was a terrifying prospect in any theater of World War II. But conducting this type of espionage right under the watchful eye of ********* occupiers carried risks of a different magnitude. “Guerrillas had a lot more flexibility out in the provinces … but in Manila, where you had a larger concentration of *********, it was very, very dangerous,” says

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, author of
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.

If caught, Guerrero would likely have been subjected to gruesome interrogations that could have easily ended in ******. The feared

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, or ********* police, were “taking people that they suspected of being guerrillas … and just brutally torturing them,” Scott says. The guerrillas’ command structure had warned her that if caught, she would be disavowed.

Guerrero came close to that fate on several occasions. Once, a guard ripped a ribbon concealing an ********* prisoner’s note out of her hair. Mercifully, it remained intact. She carried messages tucked between two pairs of socks, inside the soles of shoes or in hollowed-out fruit in baskets searched at checkpoints. On her way out of a guerrilla hideout, Guerrero was surrounded by soldiers who pointed bayonets at her. “You fools,” she

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, feigning outrage. “I’m no spy. I just came for the laundry. I am a wash woman.”

Guerrero, who was so prolific in her espionage activities that she had to go dormant for a time until suspicion abated, later described herself to

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as “just a little errand boy.” But she passed on more than routine missives: In the fall of 1944, in preparation for the ground invasion of the Philippines, ********* ******** took out key defenses along Manila Bay, using her sketches to identify their targets.

The tide of the conflict in the Pacific theater had turned in the Allies’ favor by early 1945. The military coalition saw the Philippines as the last gateway to Japan’s mainland. So did the *********, who did everything in their power to inflict casualties and slow the Allied advance by placing mines and ****** traps and blowing up bridges.

“For the *********, then, it becomes a question of how can we slow them down, and how can we grind them out and take as many ********* lives with us as possible?” says Scott.

For that reason, Guerrero’s final—and perhaps most dangerous—mission for the resistance came when the 37th Infantry Division was rushing toward Manila, in such a hurry that the exhausted spy had to backtrack more than eight miles south from Calumpit to catch them. She presented the map to a shocked officer, who “swore when he saw the great mined section” directly in the unit’s path, wrote ********* Jesuit

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in
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.

“By ****!” the officer exclaimed. “I never dreamed that ********* women had such courage!”

View of (mostly *********) internees lining up on the grounds of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, redesignated by the ********* as Santo Tomas Internment Camp, in the early 1940s

U.S. Army / Interim Archives / Getty Images

The reason for the division’s haste was a desperate group of more than

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huddled at Manila’s University of Santo Tomas, some of whom were dying of starvation by the day.
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, one of the captives, later wrote that “word was passed around that when our forces would close in on Manila, we were all to be lined up and mowed down by machine **** *****.” (********* troops had burned, bayoneted and shot
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on the island of Palawan weeks earlier.) Though the ********* soldiers’ intentions for Santo Tomas are unknown, the specter of such horror repeating itself made the prisoners’ rescue a top priority.

For Manila, complete destruction was the price of liberation. Residents suffered through an urban siege that lasted until March 3, 1945. An estimated

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were *******, among them victims of both ********* firepower and systematic massacres by the *********.

“The Battle of Manila is horrendous for everybody involved, for the civilians, for the ********* who are locked in, for the Americans who are having to ****** building by building,” says Scott. “It’s a ****** unlike any other in the Pacific War.” In this landscape of collective suffering, Guerrero tended to the many wounded and dying.

Aerial view of the aftermath of the Battle of Manila

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After the embers of battle ***** down, Guerrero received life-altering news yet again: The local military police were exiling her to the dreaded

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in Novaliches, an hour outside of Manila. Monaghan was “stricken to the heart” when he visited and saw what awaited her. “Such another ****-and-man-forsaken place as that … I hope never to see,” he wrote. To prepare Guerrero for her life there, Monaghan tried to offer her spiritual consolation, acknowledging that there was none to be found in the corporeal realm.

The medical record from Guerrero’s admission describes a collection of miseries she had endured since 1939, including ******* noses, welts, ****** pain, fever and severe nerve pain.

After enduring the horrors of war, she wrote in a letter, “I came here to stay to find *****, crippled, starving people lying on pallets, pieces of straw on the floor, everything a filthy mess.” She set to work, procuring cots from the U.S. Army and calling attention to the patients’ plight whenever she could.

An infirmary building at the the National Leprosarium in Carville, Louisiana

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Guerrero’s accounts reached the

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in
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, Louisiana, where empathetic Americans began gathering goods and sending them to Tala. Her efforts also led to an exposé in the Philippine press that revealed the deplorable conditions at the government-run leprosarium.

Guerrero began to dream of Carville. “I believe in miracles,” she wrote in a September 1947 letter to ********* physician

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, “and **** will see that I am cured. If that is for my good, it will come.”

In the 1940s, Carville was home to promising new leprosy treatments that utilized

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. For almost half a century, patients had been sent to the facility to be cared for by nuns, usually for the remainder of their lives. Now, the leprosarium held a kind of medical promise beyond the grasp of patients at Tala.

Eloesser and a host of sympathetic—and well-connected—supporters

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for Guerrero’s admittance to Carville, invoking her wartime heroism. But sentiment alone could not overcome the law; the
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prohibited “aliens” from entering the U.S. if they had “a loathsome or dangerous contagious ********.” The matter was ultimately
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to Attorney General Tom Clark.

A photo of Guerrero from the Carvillle facility’s newspaper

National Hansen’s ******** Museum

Guerrero arrived in the ******* States in July 1948.

National Hansen’s ******** Museum

Amid this campaign, Moore, now promoted to the rank of general, awarded Guerrero the Medal of Freedom With Silver Palm during a May 29, 1948, ceremony at Tala. The accompanying

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stated that she was “instrumental in saving the lives of many Americans and Filipinos.” Cardinal Francis Spellman further praised her “********** fortitude and concern for fellow sufferers.”

Less than two weeks after the ceremony, Clark granted

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for Guerrero to sail to the U.S. She was greeted with
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in San Francisco, by a crowd that included “soldiers who knew her as ‘Joey’ when she smuggled food through ********* lines to them in prison, carried messages, and drew charts of ********* **** emplacements and minefields,” according to
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.

Guerrero arrived at Carville on July 11 and was warmly

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by her fellow patients. In stark contrast with the nightmarish conditions of the past few years, the facility was a place of physical comforts—soda, ice cream, comfortable bedding.

“Like a person coming out of a bad dream, I felt a deep sense of well-being,” Guerrero wrote in the

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, the Carville leprosarium’s widely circulated newspaper.

Among those

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at Carville was Hornbostel, the Santo Tomas prisoner who had feared ********** while awaiting ********* troops. Guerrero, whose ******-defying mission had helped save Hornbostel’s liberators in the Philippines, would now be treated alongside her in Louisiana.

“I can say with absolute conviction that if it had not been for [Guerrero], I would not be able to tell the story,” Hornbostel wrote in the Star.

The cover of the Star, the National Leprosarium’s newspaper

National Hansen’s ******** Museum

Guerrero’s high school graduation photo

National Hansen’s ******** Museum

Guerrero’s arrival coincided with a push by patients and prominent advocates to destigmatize Hansen’s ********, placing her in the role of “cause célèbre,” says Montgomery. The condition was “getting a lot of attention when she shows up, and her presence just accelerates that.”

On August 20, 1951, the waiver allowing Guerrero to stay in the country

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, triggering a 13-year ******* of uncertainty. An array of advocates—legal associations, veterans’ groups, women’s clubs and congresspeople who had introduced bills on her behalf—rallied to her cause. This pattern repeated for years whenever a hearing was scheduled. The pending legislation and outcry in the press forestalled enforcement by immigration officials, despite Guerrero being deemed “deportable,” according to an official memorandum on the case.

The treatment Guerrero had dreamed of took longer than expected; she remained at Carville until 1957. But she made the most of her time at the facility, taking classes, spearheading Christmas and Mardi Gras parties, and joining a local sorority. Her high school

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in 1953 merited a mention in
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; the magazine’s 1948 profile of her, the report noted, had generated more than 4,000 letters from readers.

On August 5, 1964, Guerrero was granted permanent residence, paving the way for her eventual citizenship. “At last, your hard work and concern have been rewarded,” she wrote to Louisiana Representative James H. Morrison, one of her steadfast champions.

It was after this long-sought relief that Guerrero, the spy who had concealed her exploits during the war but was thrust into the role of public hero after the conflict’s end, began to lead a more obscure peacetime life. The press attention faded, but reports offer glimpses of how her private life evolved. According to the immigration memo, her divorce from Renato, whom she had not seen in years, was finalized on December 12, 1956. Weeks later, she

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Alec Lau, a fellow Carville patient.

Renato had taken Cynthia to visit Guerrero at Tala, but time and distance took their toll on the mother-daughter relationship. Cynthia only visited Guerrero in the U.S. once.

“She felt like she lost her mother when [Guerrero] went away to Tala,” says Montgomery, who interviewed Cynthia for his 2016 book.

********* soldiers carrying a wounded comrade through the ruins of Intramuros during the Battle of Manila

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In 1970, Guerrero wrote a letter to Eloesser, who had not heard from her in more than two decades. The missive reveals a dimension to her feelings that she did not—or could not—express in earlier years.

“The reason people most people think I have ***** is because I have tried very hard to efface the past,” she wrote from Madrid, where she was then studying. “I simply want to forget it! It was too traumatic and has given me no end of heartbreak. Joey Leaumax is my legal name now—neither Miss nor Mrs., Joey could be a boy’s name.” (The name change suggests Guerrero was no longer married to Lau at this point, but Montgomery found no record of exactly when or how the relationship ended.)

Guerrero then detailed years of financial struggles, recalling periods of going hungry “because I got fired from jobs whenever the past cropped up.” Nevertheless, she wrote, “the good Lord has provided for me.” She assured him she was still “full of the zest for life.”

Beginning in 1977, Guerrero lived quietly in Washington, D.C., maintaining a circle of friends who knew little of her past. She spent time in the Peace Corps, worked as a secretary and volunteered as an usher at the Kennedy Center. Her 1996

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states that she was born in Manila but makes no mention of her wartime heroism.

Throughout a lifetime filled with hardship and loss, Guerrero found a way to hide what she didn’t want known and to quietly bear the things that caused her grief. In the worst moments of the war, she proved that valor does not belong only to the strong: ***** and suffering, Guerrero mustered courage that protected the lives of soldiers headed into one of the fiercest battles of World War II.

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