[AI]From punch cards to mind control: Human-computer interactions

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The way we interact with our computers and smart devices is very different from previous years. Over the decades, human-computer interfaces have transformed, progressing from simple cardboard punch cards to keyboards and mice, and now extended reality-based AI agents that can converse with us in the same way as we do with friends.

With each advance in human-computer interfaces, we’re getting closer to achieving the goal of interactions with machines, making computers more accessible and integrated with our lives.

Where did it all begin?

Modern computers emerged in the first half of the 20th century and relied on

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to feed data into the system and enable binary computations. The cards had a series of punched holes, and light was shone at them. If the light passed through a hole and was detected by the machine, it represented a “one”. Otherwise, it was a “zero”. As you can imagine, it was extremely cumbersome, time-consuming, and error-prone.

That changed with the arrival of

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, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, widely considered to be the first “Turing-complete” device that could solve a variety of numerical problems. Instead of punch cards, operating ENIAC involved manually setting a series of switches and plugging patch cords into a board to configure the computer for specific calculations, while data was inputted via a further series of switches and buttons. It was an improvement over punch cards, but not nearly as dramatic as the arrival of the

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in the early 1950s.

Keyboards, adapted from typewriters, were a game-changer, allowing users to input text-based commands more intuitively. But while they made programming faster, accessibility was still limited to those with knowledge of the highly-technical programming commands required to operate computers.

GUIs and touch

The most important development in terms of computer accessibility was the

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or GUI, which finally opened computing to the masses. The first GUIs appeared in the late 1960s and were later refined by companies like IBM, Apple, and

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, replacing text-based commands with a visual display made up of icons, menus, and windows.

Alongside the GUI came the iconic “

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“, which enabled users to “point-and-click” to interact with computers. Suddenly, these machines became easily navigable, allowing almost anyone to operate one. With the arrival of the internet a few years later, the GUI and the mouse helped pave the way for the computing revolution, with computers becoming commonplace in every home and office.

The next major milestone in human-computer interfaces was the

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, which first appeared in the late 1990s and did away with the need for a mouse or a separate keyboard. Users could now interact with their computers by tapping icons on the screen directly, pinching to zoom, and swiping left and right. Touchscreens eventually paved the way for the smartphone revolution that started with the arrival of the Apple iPhone in 2007 and, later, Android devices.

With the rise of mobile computing, the variety of computing devices evolved further, and in the late 2000s and early 2010s, we witnessed the emergence of wearable devices like fitness trackers and smartwatches. Such devices are designed to integrate computers into our everyday lives, and it’s possible to interact with them in newer ways, like subtle gestures and biometric signals. Fitness trackers, for instance, use sensors to keep track of how many steps we take or how far we run, and can monitor a user’s pulse to measure heart rate.

Extended reality & AI avatars

In the last decade, we also saw the first artificial intelligence systems, with early examples being Apple’s Siri and

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’s Alexa.

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use voice recognition technology to enable users to communicate with their devices using their voice.

As AI has advanced, these systems have become increasingly sophisticated and better able to understand complex instructions or questions, and can respond based on the context of the situation. With more advanced chatbots like ChatGPT, it’s possible to engage in lifelike conversations with machines, eliminating the need for any kind of physical input device.

AI is now being combined with emerging

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technologies to further refine human-computer interactions. With AR, we can insert digital information into our surroundings by overlaying it on top of our physical environment. This is enabled using VR devices like the Oculus Rift, HoloLens, and Apple Vision Pro, and further pushes the boundaries of what’s possible.

So-called

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, or XR, is the latest take on the technology, replacing traditional input methods with eye-tracking, and gestures, and can provide haptic feedback, enabling users to interact with digital objects in physical environments. Instead of being restricted to flat, two-dimensional screens, our entire world becomes a computer through a blend of virtual and physical reality.

The convergence of XR and AI opens the doors to more possibilities.

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is bringing AI agents and chatbots into the real world through the use of XR technology. It’s creating more meaningful, lifelike interactions by

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directly into our physical environments. The possibilities are endless – imagine an AI-powered virtual assistant standing in your home or a digital concierge that meets you in the hotel lobby, or even an AI passenger that sits next to you in your car, directing you on how to avoid the worst traffic jams. Through its decentralised DePin infrastructure, it’s enabling AI agents to drop into our lives in real-time.

The technology is nascent but it’s not fantasy. In Germany, tourists can call on an

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to guide them to the best spots and eateries in dozens of ******* cities. Other examples include digital popstars like

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, which is pioneering the concept of virtual concerts that can be attended from anywhere.

In the coming years, we can expect to see this XR-based spatial computing combined with

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, which promise to let users control computers with their thoughts. BCIs use electrodes placed on the scalp and pick up the electrical signals generated by our brains. Although it’s still in its infancy, this technology promises to deliver the most effective human-computer interactions possible.

The future will be seamless

The story of the human-computer interface is still under way, and as our technological capabilities advance, the distinction between digital and physical reality will more blurred.

Perhaps one day soon, we’ll be living in a world where computers are omnipresent, integrated into every aspect of our lives, similar to Star Trek’s famed holodeck. Our physical realities will be merged with the digital world, and we’ll be able to communicate, find information, and perform actions using only our thoughts. This vision would have been considered fanciful only a few years ago, but the rapid pace of innovation suggests it’s not nearly so far-fetched. Rather, it’s something that the majority of us will live to see.

(Image source: Unsplash)

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