Dongba: The Last Hieroglyph and the Struggle to Save Naxi Culture

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Dongba: The Last Hieroglyph and the Struggle to Save Naxi Culture

The Dongba symbols are an ancient system of pictographic glyphs created by the founder of the Bön religious tradition of Tibet and used by the Naxi people in southern China.  Historical records show that this unique script was used as early as the 7th century, during the early ***** Dynasty, however, research conducted last year showed that its origins 

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.   Incredibly, the Dongba symbols continue to be used by the elders of the Naxi people, making it the only hieroglyphic language still used in the world today.

The Naxi People and Their Mountainous Homeland

The Naxi people lived in the beautiful mountain province of Yunnan (“south of the clouds”) for thousands of years, where they developed their own rich and enduring culture. Today, most of the 270,000 Naxi people in county of Lijiang where they retain many of their ancient traditions.

The Dongba script of the Naxi people is both pictographic and ideographic. The writing, unlike anything known elsewhere, superficially resembles the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, but it has a certain action and humor that distinguishes it from other scripts.  While there are only about 1,300 symbols in total, the script has been used to write a huge number of scriptures, from incredible tales of creation to methods for carrying out exorcism. They also provide a kind of encyclopedia of the ancient Naxi people, recording in detail their beliefs, customs, traditions and ways of life.

It is not a simplistic system of writing. Illustrations were used to represent not only material objects but also abstract ideas, syllables, and even methods of pronunciation. For example, the character ‘cliff’ has the form of a cliff, and it has the same pronunciation as ‘chicken’, which is illustrated by a chicken head drawn inside the cliff.  A single pictograph can also be used to recite different phrases or an entire sentence. The script is incredibly logical – when a symbol is drawn upside down it indicates negation; straight lines drawn between people indicates ‘******’, while entwined lines represent ‘discuss’; a ***** animal is drawn as usual but without pupils in their eyes. 

Sun dongba script. (Immanuel Giel,

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), Dongba moon script (Immanuel Giel/

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). Rian dongba script. (Immanuel Giel,

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)

The symbols above represent the sun, moon, and rain.

But far from being simplistic, these symbols have been incorporated into in-depth accounts of creation. For example, the below fragment of “The War between ***** and Shu”, one of the most important myths to the Naxi, reads:

In the old times, when the sky and the earth had not still been formed, the sun and moon had still not been created, the stars had still not arisen, mountains and ravines had not still been formed, trees and stones had not still arisen…

Example text of Dongba script at the Natural Library of China. (

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Historically, the Dongba script was used by the Dongba priests, and the creation and development of the script is closely connected to the emergence of the Dongba religion.  The Dongba religion was rooted in the beliefs of the Tibetan Bön religion – the word “Dongba” literally means “wise man” in the Naxi language. Historians have traced origins to a Bön shaman from eastern Tibet named Dongba Shilo, who lived in a ***** near Baishuitai 900 years ago.

Bön lamas are believed to have settled among the Naxi as farmers, and to have begun to practice exorcisms as a way of earning a little money on the side. By the early nineteenth century, the Dongba priests had created a huge religious vocabulary accompanied by a variety of rituals.  Their scriptures contain several kinds of rituals and also legends, poetry, prayers, astronomy, medicine, and divination. As Zhu Bao-Tian, a noted cultural anthropologist from the Yunnan Provincial Museum in China, said: “The Naxi manuscripts are a living fossil for the study of ancient culture”.

The Dongba religion is based on the relationship between nature and man. In Dongba mythology, “Nature” and “Man” are half-brothers, having different mothers.   Nature is believed to be controlled by spirits called “Shv”. These gods are depicted as human-snake chimeras. The Dongba priests practice rituals such as the “Shv Gu” to appease these spirits and prevent their anger from boiling into natural disasters such as earthquakes and droughts.

Although today many Naxi are not religious, in the 1940s there were more than 4,000 Naxi Dongba priests. Their religion was characterized by a fascination with power and miracles, and belief in a multitude of gods and demons who could be manipulated with magic.

However, the numbers of Dongba priests drastically declined following the ********** revolution in China in 1949, during which thousands of manuscripts were destroyed, and a war was declared on teaching language and traditions that were considered superstitious.  It is estimated that today there are only about 60 Dongba priests remaining who can read and write the Dongba script. Most of those priests are over 70 and they are afraid that when they ****, the traditions and writing of their people will **** with them.

The Near Extinction of Dongba Script

The incredible pictographic Dongba script is nearly extinct. However, realizing the wrongs of the past, the ******** government has been trying to revive it in an attempt to preserve the Naxi culture. Over 30 books have now been published with instructions on how to read the Dongba symbols. Young students regularly visit the Lijing Dongba Museum to learn about the language, while others study the script full time.

Efforts to preserve knowledge of the script were quite successful at first – in 1982, 200 people could read Dongba and by 1985, 1,700 could do so.  The ******** government phased out Naxi language teaching in the late 80s, but recently, efforts have been made to start teaching the language again, and since 1998, the people from Lijiang have been receiving free tuition on the Dongba language, culture and dancing, with the goal of transmitting this ancient knowledge to the coming generations.

Digital technologies are often criticized for promoting linguistic and cultural homogenization, with fewer than a hundred languages actively used online. However, these technologies can also serve as valuable tools for preserving and revitalizing the linguistic and cultural diversity that forms part of humanity’s heritage. This mission is at the heart of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022–2032), an initiative led by UNESCO since its launch.

In support of the Decade’s objectives, UNESCO, in collaboration with the National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures (Inalco, France), the University of Geneva (Switzerland), and the Beijing Language and Culture University (BLCU, China), launched a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Dongba, the script of the Naxi ******* ********* from Yunnan, China.

Top image: Naxi Dongba paintings in Lijiang, China. Source:

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